A Literature Review and Call for Action

This paper explores possible linkages between masculinities and different forms of sexual exploitation and sexual violence. Specifically, it seeks to answer the question: How do prevailing norms and views of manhood, or masculinities, contribute to some men's use of sexual violence, and the " demand-side " of sexual exploitation? We critically review existing literature on the topic, with a particular focus on recommendations for action. From what we know about how prevailing gender norms contribute to some men's use of sexual violence and sexually exploitative practices, what can we propose to reduce sexual exploitation by working with men and boys to question salient gender norms that drive the demand? In terms of programs to reach men and boys on this issue there are a few examples – some which address sexual exploitation specifically, others which address questions of masculinities and gender equality more broadly. However, most of these projects have been small-scale, and with little impact evaluation to date. There are also examples of policies that have incorporated an understanding of the demand side of sexual exploitation and the need to move beyond a mostly punitive model toward a more comprehensive one that includes sanctions as well as preventive approaches, such as engaging men and boys with messages that question sexual exploitation and the " commodification " of women and girls (and boys and men). Overall, we affirm the need to increase attention and action to engage men and boys in questioning and overcoming gender norms that contribute to sexual violence and exploitation. Promundo is a Brazilian NGO with international reach that seeks to promote gender equality, achieve sexual and reproductive rights and reduce violence against women, children and youth. Promundo works to: (1) research innovative ideas that have the potential to achieve positive social change; (2) apply these ideas in pilot initiatives in partnership with community groups; and (3) disseminate the results of applied research to organizations, governments and multilateral institutions that are well-placed to continue, expand and replicate these initiatives in the long-term. For more information, see www.promundo.org.br. MenEngage is a global alliance that seeks to engage boys and men to achieve gender equality. The Alliance came together in 2004 with the goal of working in partnership to promote the engagement of men and boys in achieving gender equality, promoting health and reducing violence at the global level, including questioning the structural barriers to gender inequalities. The MenEngage …